Design of Anti-infective Dental Formulations from Solanum incanum Fruit Extracts: Phytochemical Characterization, Diffusion-Mediated Bactericidal Kinetics and Ethnobotanical Validation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59325/sjas.v9i2.333Keywords:
Anti-infective, Dental caries, Solanum incanum, LC-MS, Antibacterial activityAbstract
Background:
Dental caries is a global public health concern that afflicts vulnerable populations in rural areas, whose access to conventional dental care is limited by cost and infrastructure.
Objective & Methodology of the study:
This study was established to evaluate the traditional use of Solanum incanum L. (Al-Oursam) fruits by the people in Yemen to treat dental caries and oral pain, a non-traumatic injury related other than deep infection or systemic disease. Aqueous-ethanolic Soxhlet extraction resulting in three batches (E1, E2, and E3). Extracts o Solanum incanum L. were analyzed by LC-MS and the extracts antibacterial activity were evaluated by In vitro radial diffusion assays against some bacterial isolates.
Results:
LC-MS results showed that S. incanum L. Extract E1: 1,2-Propanediol and Butyl phthalate (46.93%) following by 1-Hexen-6-ol (23.71) and 1,2-Propanediol decreased to 17.60% in E2 and Dibutyl phthalate is the highest in E2 (18.55%) and decreased to 12.21 in E3. Moreover the of 2,3-butanediol reached maximum (56.45%) was the highest in E3.
In vitro radial diffusion assays showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. The most potent activity was determined for batch E3, in which the level of 2,3-butanediol reached maximum (56.45%), and this variant also inhibited the development of a gramicidin S-secreting strain at the highest inhibitory concentrations. At a concentration of 7.5 mg/mL, heartwood extract E3 caused wide antimicrobial clearance zones (108 mm against E. coli; 112 mm against S. aureus and 116 mm against S. mutans).
Conclusions:
The results showed that the hydrophilic glycol matrix indeed contributed to this effect, successfully aiding in the diffusion of the active phenolic compounds. In the end, S. incanum fruits offer a safe, inexpensive platform for developing efficacious oral healthcare products like mouthwashes and toothpastes to alleviate the burden of oral diseases in under-resourced parts of the world.
